📄 Notable^* Recent AI/ML arXiv Papers

Computer-use agents (CUA) automate tasks specified with natural language such as "order the cheapest item from Taco Bell" by generating sequences of calls to tools such as click, type, and scroll on a browser. Current implementations follow a sequential fetch-screenshot-execute loop where each iteration requires an LLM call, resulting in high latency and frequent errors from incorrect tool use. We present agent just-in-time (JIT) compilation, an alternative that compiles task descriptions direct...

We present Mem-$π$, a framework for adaptive memory in large language model (LLM) agents, where useful guidance is generated on demand rather than retrieved from external memory stores. Existing memory-augmented agents typically rely on similarity-based retrieval from episodic memory banks or skill libraries, returning static entries that often misalign with the current context. In contrast, Mem-$π$ uses a dedicated language or vision-language model with its own parameters, separate from the dow...

Current 3D-aware pretraining methods for embodied perception and manipulation are largely built on differentiable rendering frameworks, producing either fully implicit neural fields or fully explicit geometric primitives. Implicit representations, while expressive, lack explicit structural cues, whereas explicit ones preserve geometry but suffer from resolution limits and weak generalization. To address these limitations, we propose a novel pretraining framework that learns a hybrid representati...

Cardiac motion over a cardiac cycle is crucial for quantifying regional function and is strongly affected by cardiovascular diseases. Since temporally dense mesh sequences are difficult to obtain in practice, we focus on leveraging the more accessible end-diastolic frame to infer a full-cycle sequence. Due to strong regional and disease-specific differences, traditional methods often oversmooth the data by relying on generative models that are optimized for global patterns. To address this probl...

As a rapidly emerging interdisciplinary field that intrinsically integrates microwave and photonics, microwave photonics (MWP) provides disruptive solutions to overcome the fundamental bandwidth of conventional electronic systems. By exploiting the inherently ultra-wide bandwidth and low-loss characteristics of photonic technologies, MWP enables the generation, transmission, processing, and detection of microwave, millimeter-wave, and terahertz signals. Representative breakthroughs include fully...

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) exploit event-driven and addition-only computation to substantially improve efficiency for intelligent computation. A key temporal property of SNNs, elastic inference, allows outputs to emerge progressively, enabling responses to salient inputs much earlier than full evaluation. However, existing SNN-specific accelerators cannot capitalize on this property. Layer-by-layer designs emit outputs only after all layers are complete, while time-step-by-time-step designs ...

Large language models can predict real-valued quantities from heterogeneous inputs such as text, code, and molecular strings, but most training objectives score each decoded floating-point number independently, improving point estimates without ensuring calibrated predictive distributions. This limits applications requiring candidate ranking or uncertainty estimation. We introduce Distribution-Aware Reward, an on-policy reinforcement learning objective whose main contribution is to train languag...

With the advancement of AI capabilities, AI reviewers are beginning to be deployed in scientific peer review, yet their capability and credibility remain in question: many scientists simply view them as probabilistic systems without the expertise to evaluate research, while other researchers are more optimistic about their readiness without concrete evidence. Understanding what AI reviewers do well, where they fall short, and what challenges remain is essential. However, existing evaluations of ...

Model scaling has demonstrated remarkable success through large-scale training on diverse datasets. It remains an open question whether the same paradigm would apply to autonomous driving perception systems due to unique challenges, such as fusing heterogeneous sensor data and the need for sophisticated 3D spatial understanding. To bridge this gap, we present a comprehensive study on systematically analyzing the impact of scale on these systems. We develop our STELLAR model based on Sparse Windo...

Recent progress in promptable segmentation has shifted visual perception from object-level localization toward concept-level understanding. However, the notion of a concept remains under-specified, making it unclear whether current methods truly generalize beyond category recognition. In this work, we formalize generalized concept segmentation through a three-level taxonomy consisting of context-independent (CI), context-dependent (CD), and context-reasoning (CR) concepts, which reveals a clear ...

Building humanoid robots capable of generalizable whole-body loco-manipulation in the real world remains a fundamental challenge. Existing methods either rely on laborious task-specific reward engineering, rigidly replay reference motions that fail to generalize, or depend on costly teleoperation that limits scalability. While human videos capture diverse human behaviors, motion priors inferred from them are inherently imperfect, suffering from occlusion, contact artifacts, and retargeting error...

Learning universal representations from electroencephalogram (EEG) signals is a cutting-edge approach in the field of neuroinformatics and brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). Conventionally, EEG is treated as a multivariate temporal signal, where time- or frequency-domain features are extracted for representation learning. This paper investigates a simple yet effective EEG representation, i.e., microstates. Microstates represent the building blocks of brain activity patterns at a microscopic time ...

Reinforcement learning from verifiable rewards (RLVR) has emerged as a central technique for improving the reasoning capabilities of large language models. Despite its effectiveness, how response-level rewards translate into token-level probability changes remains poorly understood. We introduce a discriminator view of RLVR updates, showing that the policy-gradient update direction implicitly acts as a linear discriminator over token-gradient vectors and thereby determines which token probabilit...

Despite the impressive results achieved by multimodal large language models (MLLMs), their training typically relies on jointly curated multimodal data, requiring substantial human effort to construct multi-way aligned datasets and thereby limiting scalability across domains. In this work, we explore training MLLMs by only leveraging multiple paired modalities as a surrogate for the full joint multimodal distribution. Specifically, we first provide a theoretical analysis of the conditions under ...

Causal representation learning (CRL) and traditional representation learning have largely developed along different trajectories. Traditional representation learning has been driven mainly by applications and empirical objectives, whereas CRL has focused more on theoretical questions, particularly identifiability. This difference in emphasis has created a gap between the two fields in terminology, problem formulation, and evaluation, limiting communication and sometimes leading to disconnected o...

Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has recently unlocked strong reasoning capabilities in large language models (LLMs), triggering rapid exploration of new algorithms and data. However, RLVR training is notoriously inefficient: long-tailed rollouts, tool-induced stalls, and asymmetric resource requirements between rollout and training introduce substantial idle time that cannot be eliminated by job-local optimizations such as synchronous pipelining, asynchronous rollout, or co...

Narang et al. (2021) evaluated 40+ Transformer modifications at T5-base scale and concluded that most did not transfer. Five years later, the typical working regime has moved to 1-3B parameters, downstream evaluation has replaced pretraining perplexity, and a substantially different catalogue of modifications has emerged. We revisit their question by testing 20 post-2021 Transformer modifications at 1.2B and 3B under strict iso-data, iso-compute, iso-recipe control, with a multi-seed baseline no...

Large language models (LLMs) show potential as simulators of human behavior, offering a scalable way to study responses to interventions. However, because LLMs are trained largely on observational data, interventions in experiments with LLM-simulated synthetic users can induce unintended shifts in latent user attributes, causing user drift where the implicit simulated population differs across treatment conditions, potentially distorting effect estimates. We formalize the confounding or selectio...

Humans learn social norms and behaviors from verbal feedback (e.g., a parent saying "that was rude" or a friend explaining "here's why that hurt"). Yet, learning from feedback for LLMs has largely focused on domains like code and math, where RL rewards are directly verifiable and condensed into scalar values. As LLMs are increasingly used to simulate human behavior, e.g., standing in for users, patients, students, and other personas, there is a pressing need to make them more human-like, which r...