📄 Notable^* Recent AI/ML arXiv Papers

Large language models (LLMs) undergo alignment training to avoid harmful behaviors, yet the resulting safeguards remain brittle: jailbreaks routinely bypass them, and fine-tuning on narrow domains can induce ``emergent misalignment'' that generalizes broadly. Whether this brittleness reflects a fundamental lack of coherent internal organization for harmfulness remains unclear. Here we use targeted weight pruning as a causal intervention to probe the internal organization of harmfulness in LLMs. ...

Visual Retrieval-Augmented Generation (VRAG) empowers Vision-Language Models to retrieve and reason over visually rich documents. To tackle complex queries requiring multi-step reasoning, agentic VRAG systems interleave reasoning with iterative retrieval.. However, existing agentic VRAG faces two critical bottlenecks. (1) Visual Evidence Sparsity: key evidence is scattered across pages yet processed in isolation, hindering cross-page reasoning; moreover, fine-grained intra-image evidence often r...

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant potential in Tool-Integrated Reasoning (TIR), existing training paradigms face significant limitations: Zero-RL suffers from inefficient exploration and mode degradation due to a lack of prior guidance, while SFT-then-RL is limited by high data costs and capability plateaus caused by low-entropy collapse. To address these challenges, we propose E3-TIR (Enhanced Experience Exploitation), a warm-up paradigm for the early stages of ag...

Chest X-ray report generation (CXR-RG) has the potential to substantially alleviate radiologists' workload. However, conventional autoregressive vision--language models (VLMs) suffer from high inference latency due to sequential token decoding. Diffusion-based models offer a promising alternative through parallel generation, but they still require multiple denoising iterations. Compressing multi-step denoising to a single step could further reduce latency, but often degrades textual coherence du...

We present PhysInOne, a large-scale synthetic dataset addressing the critical scarcity of physically-grounded training data for AI systems. Unlike existing datasets limited to merely hundreds or thousands of examples, PhysInOne provides 2 million videos across 153,810 dynamic 3D scenes, covering 71 basic physical phenomena in mechanics, optics, fluid dynamics, and magnetism. Distinct from previous works, our scenes feature multiobject interactions against complex backgrounds, with comprehensive ...

The development of Large Language Models (LLMs) has catalyzed automation in customer service, yet benchmarking their performance remains challenging. Existing benchmarks predominantly rely on static paradigms and single-dimensional metrics, failing to account for diverse user behaviors or the strict adherence to structured Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) required in real-world deployments. To bridge this gap, we propose SAGE (Service Agent Graph-guided Evaluation), a universal multi-agent b...

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) are powerful but remain vulnerable to multimodal jailbreak attacks. Existing attacks mainly rely on either explicit visual prompt attacks or gradient-based adversarial optimization. While the former is easier to detect, the latter produces subtle perturbations that are less perceptible, but is usually optimized and evaluated under homogeneous open-source surrogate-target settings, leaving its effectiveness on commercial closed-source VLMs under heterogeneous setting...

Recent years have witnessed remarkable progress in automatic speech recognition (ASR), driven by advances in model architectures and large-scale training data. However, two important aspects remain underexplored. First, Word Error Rate (WER), the dominant evaluation metric for decades, treats all words equally and often fails to reflect the semantic correctness of an utterance at the sentence level. Second, interactive correction-an essential component of human communication-has rarely been syst...

Existing defect/anomaly generation methods often rely on few-shot learning, which overfits to specific defect categories due to the lack of large-scale paired defect editing data. This issue is aggravated by substantial variations in defect scale and morphology, resulting in limited generalization, degraded realism, and category consistency. We address these challenges by introducing UDG, a large-scale dataset of 300K normal-abnormal-mask-caption quadruplets spanning diverse domains, and by pres...

While multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have made significant strides in natural image understanding, their ability to perceive and reason over hyperspectral image (HSI) remains underexplored, which is a vital modality in remote sensing. The high dimensionality and intricate spectral-spatial properties of HSI pose unique challenges for models primarily trained on RGB data.To address this gap, we introduce Hyperspectral Multimodal Benchmark (HM-Bench), the first benchmark designed specific...

Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) is central to aligning Large Language Models (LLMs) in reasoning tasks with verifiable rewards. However, standard token-level PPO struggles in this setting due to the instability of temporal credit assignment over long Chain-of-Thought (CoT) horizons and the prohibitive memory cost of the value model. While critic-free alternatives like GRPO mitigate these issues, they incur significant computational overhead by requiring multiple samples for baseline estimatio...

Recovering analytical solutions of physical fields from visual observations is a fundamental yet underexplored capability for AI-assisted scientific reasoning. We study visual-to-symbolic analytical solution inference (ViSA) for two-dimensional linear steady-state fields: given field visualizations (and first-order derivatives) plus minimal auxiliary metadata, the model must output a single executable SymPy expression with fully instantiated numeric constants. We introduce ViSA-R2 and align it w...

Large foundation models have become central to modern machine learning, with performance scaling predictably with model size and data. However, training and deploying such models incur substantial computational and memory costs, motivating the development of low-precision training techniques. Recent work has demonstrated that 4-bit floating-point (FP4) formats--such as MXFP4 and NVFP4--can be successfully applied to linear GEMM operations in large language models (LLMs), achieving up to 4x impro...

Geometric Foundation Models (GFMs) have recently advanced monocular SLAM by providing robust, calibration-free 3D priors. However, deploying these models on dense video streams introduces significant computational redundancy. Current GFM-based SLAM systems typically rely on post hoc keyframe selection. Because of this, they must perform expensive dense geometric decoding simply to determine whether a frame contains novel geometry, resulting in late rejection and wasted computation. To mitigate t...

Text-to-Audio-Video (T2AV) generation is rapidly becoming a core interface for media creation, yet its evaluation remains fragmented. Existing benchmarks largely assess audio and video in isolation or rely on coarse embedding similarity, failing to capture the fine-grained joint correctness required by realistic prompts. We introduce AVGen-Bench, a task-driven benchmark for T2AV generation featuring high-quality prompts across 11 real-world categories. To support comprehensive assessment, we pro...

AI agents may be able to automate your inbox, but can they automate other routine aspects of your life? Everyday online tasks offer a realistic yet unsolved testbed for evaluating the next generation of AI agents. To this end, we introduce ClawBench, an evaluation framework of 153 simple tasks that people need to accomplish regularly in their lives and work, spanning 144 live platforms across 15 categories, from completing purchases and booking appointments to submitting job applications. These ...

What are the limits of controlling language models via synthetic training data? We develop a reinforcement learning (RL) primitive, the Dataset Policy Gradient (DPG), which can precisely optimize synthetic data generators to produce a dataset of targeted examples. When used for supervised fine-tuning (SFT) of a target model, these examples cause the target model to do well on a differentiable metric of our choice. Our approach achieves this by taking exact data attribution via higher-order gradi...

Speech LLM post-training increasingly relies on efficient cross-modal alignment and robust low-resource adaptation, yet collecting large-scale audio-text pairs remains costly. Text-only alignment methods such as TASU reduce this burden by simulating CTC posteriors from transcripts, but they provide limited control over uncertainty and error rate, making curriculum design largely heuristic. We propose \textbf{TASU2}, a controllable CTC simulation framework that simulates CTC posterior distributio...

Large language model (LLM) agents such as OpenClaw rely on reusable skills to perform complex tasks, yet these skills remain largely static after deployment. As a result, similar workflows, tool usage patterns, and failure modes are repeatedly rediscovered across users, preventing the system from improving with experience. While interactions from different users provide complementary signals about when a skill works or fails, existing systems lack a mechanism to convert such heterogeneous experi...

The emergence of Large Language Models (LLMs) has illuminated the potential for a general-purpose user simulator. However, existing benchmarks remain constrained to isolated scenarios, narrow action spaces, or synthetic data, failing to capture the holistic nature of authentic human behavior. To bridge this gap, we introduce OmniBehavior, the first user simulation benchmark constructed entirely from real-world data, integrating long-horizon, cross-scenario, and heterogeneous behavioral patterns ...

While Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have achieved remarkable progress in static visual understanding, their deployment in complex 3D embodied environments remains severely limited. Existing benchmarks suffer from four critical deficiencies: (1) passive perception tasks circumvent interactive dynamics; (2) simplified 2D environments fail to assess depth perception; (3) privileged state leakage bypasses genuine visual processing; and (4) human evaluation is prohibitively expensive and unscalable. ...

Embodied navigation agents built upon large reasoning models (LRMs) can handle complex, multimodal environmental input and perform grounded reasoning per step to improve sequential decision-making for long-horizon tasks. However, a critical question remains: \textit{how can the reasoning capabilities of LRMs be harnessed intelligently and efficiently for long-horizon navigation tasks?} In simple scenes, agents are expected to act reflexively, while in complex ones they should engage in deliberat...

Pretraining is the cornerstone of Large Language Models (LLMs), dominating the vast majority of computational budget and data to serve as the primary engine for their capabilities. During pretraining, LLMs acquire foundational knowledge from an unprecedentedly massive and diverse data sources, encompassing a vast array of domains such as general language, mathematics, code, and complex reasoning. In this work, we investigate an interesting geometric question regarding the converged state of pret...

In partial multi-label learning (PML), each instance is associated with a set of candidate labels containing both ground-truth and noisy labels. The presence of noisy labels disrupts the correspondence between features and labels, degrading classification performance. To address this challenge, we propose a novel PML method based on feature-label modal alignment (PML-MA), which treats features and labels as two complementary modalities and restores their consistency through systematic alignment....

Parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) methods, such as LoRA, enable scalable adaptation of foundation models by injecting low-rank adapters. However, their communication and storage costs remain a major bottleneck in resource-constrained settings. We propose SOLAR (Subspace-Oriented Latent Adapter Reparameterization), a post-training compression framework that substantially reduces the communication cost (i.e., the number of parameters to transmit or store) of PEFT adapters. SOLAR expresses eac...

Adapting Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) for hour-long videos is bottlenecked by context limits. Dense visual streams saturate token budgets and exacerbate the lost-in-the-middle phenomenon. Existing heuristics, like sparse sampling or uniform pooling, blindly sacrifice fidelity by discarding decisive moments and wasting bandwidth on irrelevant backgrounds. We propose Tempo, an efficient query-aware framework compressing long videos for downstream understanding. Tempo leverages a Small ...